@article{153726,
  keywords = {Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Feedback, Physiological, Adaptation, Physiological, Female, Male, Visual Perception, Adult, Brain, Learning, Adolescent},
  author = {Samuel Brudner and Nikhit Kethidi and Damaris Graeupner and Richard Ivry and Jordan Taylor},
  title = {Delayed feedback during sensorimotor learning selectively disrupts adaptation but not strategy use},
  abstract = {<p>In sensorimotor adaptation tasks, feedback delays can cause significant reductions in the rate of learning. This constraint is puzzling given that many skilled behaviors have inherently long delays (e.g., hitting a golf ball). One difference in these task domains is that adaptation is primarily driven by error-based feedback, whereas skilled performance may also rely to a large extent on outcome-based feedback. This difference suggests that error- and outcome-based feedback may engage different learning processes, and these processes may be associated with different temporal constraints. We tested this hypothesis in a visuomotor adaptation task. Error feedback was indicated by the terminal position of a cursor, while outcome feedback was indicated by points. In separate groups of participants, the two feedback signals were presented immediately at the end of the movement, after a delay, or with just the error feedback delayed. Participants learned to counter the rotation in a similar manner regardless of feedback delay. However, the aftereffect, an indicator of implicit motor adaptation, was attenuated with delayed error feedback, consistent with the hypothesis that a different learning process supports performance under delay. We tested this by employing a task that dissociates the contribution of explicit strategies and implicit adaptation. We find that explicit aiming strategies contribute to the majority of the learning curve, regardless of delay; however, implicit learning, measured over the course of learning and by aftereffects, was significantly attenuated with delayed error-based feedback. These experiments offer new insight into the temporal constraints associated with different motor learning processes.</p>
},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {J Neurophysiol},
  volume = {115},
  pages = {1499-511},
  month = {03/2016},
  issn = {1522-1598},
  doi = {10.1152/jn.00066.2015},
  language = {eng},
}